Using rumination and activity data for early detection of anaplasmosis disease in dairy heifer calves.

Bovine anaplasmosis causes considerable economic losses in dairy cattle production systems worldwide, ranging from $300 million to $900 million annually. It is commonly detected through rectal temperature, blood smear microscopy, and packed cell volume (PCV). Such methodologies are laborious, costly, and difficult to systematically implement in large-scale operations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) rumination and activity data collected by Hr-Tag sensors (SCR Engineers Ltd.) in heifer calves exposed to anaplasmosis; and (2) the predictive ability of recurrent neural networks in early identification of anaplasmosis. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the effect of time series length before disease diagnosis (5, 7, 10, or 12 consecutive days) on the predictive performance of recurrent neural networks, and how early anaplasmosis disease can be detected in dairy calves (5, 3, and 1 d in advance). Twenty-three heifer calves aged 119 ± 15 (mean ± SD) d and weighing 148 ± 20 kg of body weight were challenged with 2 × 107 erythrocytes infected with UFMG1 strain (GenBank no. EU676176) isolated from Anaplasma marginale. After inoculation, animals were monitored daily by assessing PCV. The lowest PCV value (14 ± 1.8%) and the finding of rickettsia on blood smears were used as a criterion to classify an animal as sick (d 0). Rumination and activity data were collected continuously and automatically at 2-h intervals, using SCR Heatime Hr-Tag collars. Two time series were built including last sequence of -5, -7, -10, or -12 d preceding d 0 or a sequence of 5, 7, 10, or 12 d randomly selected in a window from -50 to -15 d before d 0 to ensure a sequence of days in which PCV was considered normal (32 ± 2.4%). Long short-term memory was used as a predictive approach, and a leave-one-animal-out cross-validation (LOAOCV) was used to assess prediction quality. Anaplasmosis disease reduced 34 and 11% of rumination and activity, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of long short-term memory in detecting anaplasmosis ranged from 87 to 98%, 83 to 100%, and 83 to 100%, respectively, using rumination data. For activity data, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity varied from 70 to 98%, 61 to 100%, and 74 to 100%, respectively. Predictive performance did not improve when combining rumination and activity. The use of longer time-series did not improve the performance of models to predict anaplasmosis. The accuracy and sensitivity in predicting anaplasmosis up to 3 d before clinical diagnosis (d 0) were greater than 80%, confirming the possibility for early identification of anaplasmosis disease. These findings indicate the great potential of wearable sensors in early identification of anaplasmosis diseases. This could positively affect the profitability of dairy farmers and animal welfare.

Valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido em diferentes idades de rebrota / [Nutritional value of fresh elephantgrass harvested at different regrowth ages]

Avaliou-se o valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido aos 56, 84 e 112 dias de idade, por meio do consumo e da digestibilidade em ovinos, da degradabilidade in situ e da cinética da fermentação ruminal. O capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias proporcionou maiores valores de consumo da MS (1204,81g/dia), da EB (4910,41kcal/dia), da ED (3436,21kcal/dia) e da PB (130,90g/dia). Para o capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias, ainda foram observados os maiores valores de digestibilidade da MS (70,64%), da EB (70,11%), da PB (68,96%), da FDN (71,4%) e do conteúdo ED (2,86Mcal/kg MS). Com o avanço da idade de corte, houve redução da degradabilidade potencial da MS (77,99% x 68,33%), da PB (84,80% x 56,52%) e da FDN (72,18% x 64,33%), para as idades de corte de 56 e 112 dias, respectivamente. O capim cortado aos 56 dias apresentou maior valor de produção cumulativa de gases (210,50mL/g de MS) e de degradabilidade da matéria seca (63,9%) após 96 horas de fermentação. O capim-elefante verde deve ser colhido aos 56 dias de rebrota em razão das características nutricionais apresentadas.(AU)

The nutritional value of fresh elephant grass harvested at 56, 84 and 112 days of age was evaluated by intake and digestibility in sheep, in situ degradability, and ruminal fermentation's kinetics. The elephant grass harvested at 56 days provided higher DM intake (1204.81g/day), GE (4910.41kcal/day), DE (3436.21kcal/day), and CP (130.90g/day) values. Furthermore, the highest DM (70.64%), GE (70.11%), DE (2.86%) and CP (68.96%) digestibility values were observed at 56 days. With the increase in the harvest age there was a reduction in the DM (77.99 x 68.33%), CP (84.80 x 56.52%) and NDF (72.18 x 64.33%) potential degradability in the treatments 56 and 112 days, respectively. Higher values of cumulative gas production (210,50mL/g DM) and DM degradability for elephant grass were observed at 56 days, after 96 hours of fermentation. The fresh elephant grass should be harvested at 56 days of regrowth due to the nutritional characteristics found in this study.(AU)

A metal-free blue chromophore derived from plant pigments.

Blue natural pigments are rare, especially among plants. However, flowering species that evolved to attract Hymenoptera pollinators are colored by blue anthocyanin-metal complexes. Plants lacking anthocyanins are pigmented by betalains but are unable to produce blue hues. By extending the π-system of betalains, we designed a photostable and metal-free blue dye named BeetBlue that did not show toxicity to human hepatic and retinal pigment epithelial cells and does not affect zebrafish embryonal development. This chiral dye can be conveniently synthesized from betalamic acid obtained from hydrolyzed red beetroot juice or by enzymatic oxidation of l-dopa. BeetBlue is blue in the solid form and in solution of acidified polar molecular solvents, including water. Its capacity to dye natural matrices makes BeetBlue the prototype of a new class of low-cost bioinspired chromophores suitable for a myriad of applications requiring a blue hue.

A metal-free blue chromophore derived from plant pigments

Blue natural pigments are rare, especially among plants. However, flowering species that evolved to attract Hymenoptera pollinators are colored by blue anthocyanin-metal complexes. Plants lacking anthocyanins are pigmented by betalains but are unable to produce blue hues. By extending the p-system of betalains, we designed a photostable and metal-free blue dye named BeetBlue that did not show toxicity to human hepatic and retinal pigment epithelial cells and does not affect zebrafish embryonal development. This chiral dye can be conveniently synthesized from betalamic acid obtained from hydrolyzed red beetroot juice or by enzymatic oxidation of L-dopa. BeetBlue is blue in the solid form and in solution of acidified polar molecular solvents, including water. Its capacity to dye natural matrices makes BeetBlue the prototype of a new class of low-cost bioinspired chromophores suitable for a myriad of applications requiring a blue hue.

A metal-free blue chromophore derived from plant pigments

Blue natural pigments are rare, especially among plants. However, flowering species that evolved to attract Hymenoptera pollinators are colored by blue anthocyanin-metal complexes. Plants lacking anthocyanins are pigmented by betalains but are unable to produce blue hues. By extending the p-system of betalains, we designed a photostable and metal-free blue dye named BeetBlue that did not show toxicity to human hepatic and retinal pigment epithelial cells and does not affect zebrafish embryonal development. This chiral dye can be conveniently synthesized from betalamic acid obtained from hydrolyzed red beetroot juice or by enzymatic oxidation of L-dopa. BeetBlue is blue in the solid form and in solution of acidified polar molecular solvents, including water. Its capacity to dye natural matrices makes BeetBlue the prototype of a new class of low-cost bioinspired chromophores suitable for a myriad of applications requiring a blue hue.

Effect of re-ensiling on the quality of sorghum silage.

The commercialization of silage in many countries, including Brazil, has increased in recent years. Re-ensiling of previously ensiled forage occurs when silage is relocated from one farm to another, where it will be compacted and sealed again. During this process, silage is exposed to oxygen before being ensiled, which may affect its quality. We exposed sorghum silage to air during the anaerobic storage phase to simulate the transportation of silages between farms. Experimental treatments included silage exposed to air for 0 or 12 h, with or without the use of an inoculant containing a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and the propionic bacteria Propionibacterium acidipropionici (1 × 106 cfu/g of forage; Biomax corn, Lallemand, Saint-Simon, France), totaling 4 treatments: conventional silage, conventional silage with inoculant use, re-ensilage after exposure to air, and re-ensilage after exposure to air with use of an inoculant. The sorghum was stored in experimental silos containing about 9.0 kg of fresh forage per replicate. Treatments were tested in a factorial 2 × 2 design with 5 replicates each. Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility, fermentative characteristics, losses (due to gas, effluents, and total dry matter), microorganism counts, and aerobic stability of sorghum silage were evaluated. Dry matter content of sorghum before ensiling was 273.12 g/kg. The 12-h re-ensiling process increased the effluent loss of the silage when compared with conventional silage (456.42 vs. 201.19 g/kg of FM, respectively). In addition, re-ensiled silages presented lower concentrations of lactic acid and higher concentrations of propionic acid than the silages that had not been opened during storage. The aerobic stability of silage was not affected by the re-ensiling process and the use of inoculant. The use of inoculant increased the pH and loss of dry matter of the silages (4.23 vs. 3.98 and 14.05 vs. 7.82%, respectively) and therefore did not provide any benefits in this study.

Prevalence of food allergy in infants and pre-schoolers in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Food allergy is an increasing problem in public health, especially in childhood. Its incidence has increased in the last decade. Despite this, estimates of the actual incidence and prevalence are uncertain. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of food allergy in infants and pre-schoolers. METHODS: The parents of 3897 children completed questionnaires on the occurrence of any reaction to food. Children with parentally reported reactions were selected for further examination including a clinical interview, physical examination, allergic tests, and if necessary, oral food challenge to conclude the diagnosis of FA. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of allergy in children aged 4-59 months was 0.61%, being, 1.9% in infants and 0.4% in pre-schoolers. Among the 604 patients physicians evaluated with parent-reported FA, 24 (4%) had a confirmed diagnosis of food allergy, and 580 (96%) were excluded in the remaining. Of these, approximately half (51/52.6%) of 97 infants and (128/48%) of 487 pre-schoolers already performed the diet exclusion suspected food for a period of time. CONCLUSION: This study shows that high overall prevalence of parental belief of current food allergy however the same was not observed in the in physician-diagnosed food allergy. The prevalence of food allergy was lower than that observed in the literature. This study alerts health professionals to the risk entailed by overestimation of cases of food allergy and unnecessary dietary exclusion, which may result in impairment in growth and development of children, especially in their first years of life.

Energy partitioning and methane emission by sheep fed sorghum silages at different maturation stages / Partição de energia e emissão de metano por ovinos alimentados com silagem de sorgo em diferentes estádios de maturação

Energy partitioning and methane production by sheep fed silages of three commercially available sorghum hybrids (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) harvested at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and floury) were evaluated in open circuit respiration chambers. A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 3 (hybrids × maturity stages) factorial arrangement, and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable energy were not affected by maturation stage, but were influenced by hybrid. The net energy intake was influenced by maturity and sorghum genetics. The fecal output represented the main source of energy loss, as percentage of gross energy intake (48% to 52%), followed by heat increment (10% to 19%), methane emissions (4% to 6%) and urine (1% to 2%). There were no differences (P>0.10) among the treatments for the apparent digestibility of gross energy and metabolizability (qm). An interaction (P<0.05) between sorghum hybrid and maturation stages was observed for the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km), which ranged between 0.53 and 0.78. No differences (P>0.10) among treatments occurred in the daily methane production. There is substantial genetic diversity within sorghum species, determining different nutritional values. Sorghum genetics and maturity at harvest should not be an opportunity to reduce the contribution of agriculture to methane emissions.

A partição de energia e a produção de metano por ovinos alimentados com silagens de três híbridos de sorgo comerciais (BRS 610, BR 700 e BRS 655), colhidos em três estádios de maturação (leitoso, pastoso e farináceo), foram avaliadas em câmaras respirométricas de circuito aberto. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3 (híbridos x estádios de maturação), e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) (P<0,05). Os consumos de matéria seca, de matéria seca digestível, de energia bruta, de energia digestível e de energia metabolizável não foram afetados pelo estádio de maturação, mas foram influenciados pelo híbrido de sorgo. O consumo de energia líquida foi influenciado pela maturidade e pelo híbrido. As perdas de energia nas fezes representaram a principal fonte de perda energética como porcentagem do consumo de energia bruta (48% a 52%), seguida pelo incremento calórico (10% a 19%), pela emissão de metano (4% a 6%) e pela urina (1 a 2%). Não houve diferenças (P>0,10) entre os tratamentos para a digestibilidade aparente da energia bruta e para a metabolizabilidade (qm). Foi observada interação (P<0,05) entre híbrido de sorgo e estádio de maturação para eficiência de uso da energia metabolizável para mantença (Km), que variou entre 0,53 e 0,78. Não ocorreram diferenças (P>0,10) entre tratamentos na produção diária de metano. A emissão de metano em gramas por kg de matéria seca digestível e por kg de fibra em detergente neutro digestível foi inferior no estádio pastoso comparado ao estádio farináceo.

Silagem de capim-elefante adicionada de casca de maracujá / Elephant grass silage added to passion fruit's peel

Avaliaram-se-se as características fermentativas e químico-bromatológicas da silagem de capim-elefante contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão do coproduto da extração da polpa do maracujá, a casca de maracujá (CM). Utilizaram-se níveis crescentes de adição desse coproduto (0,0%; 12,5%; 25,0%; 37,5% e 50,0%) em relação à matéria natural do capim-elefante durante a ensilagem. As silagens foram obtidas a partir do corte da forrageira aos 150 dias de idade. O material foi ensilado em silos laboratoriais e, após 180 dias, os silos foram abertos e coletaram-se amostras para a determinação dos teores de matéria seca (MS); carboidratos solúveis (CHOS); potencial hidrogeniônico (pH); nitrogênio amoniacal em porcentagem do nitrogênio total (NNH3/NT); extrato etéreo (EE); proteína bruta (PB); proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro em porcentagem do nitrogênio total (PIDN/NT); proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido em porcentagem do nitrogênio total (PIDA/NT); fibra em detergente neutro (FDN); fibra em detergente ácido (FDA); celulose (CEL); lignina (LIG); nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN); nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Para a avaliação do efeito dos tratamentos, utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições, executando-se o estudo de regressão para cada variável analisada (P<0,05). De acordo com as equações de regressão, para as características fermentativas, as silagens podem ser consideradas de muito boa qualidade. Quanto às frações fibrosas da silagem, a inclusão de níveis crescentes desse coproduto contribuiu para diminuí-las, o que resultou em maior DIVMS. Os parâmetros analisados permitem concluir que a inclusão da CM in natura durante a ensilagem do capim-elefante é recomendada em todos os níveis avaliados.

We evaluated the fermentative, chemical and qualitative characteristics of elephant grass silage containing different levels of inclusion of coproduct extraction of the passion fruit pulp in nature, passion fruit peel (CM). We used increasing levels of addition of this coproduct (0.0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0%) in relation to natural field of elephant grass during ensiling. The silages were obtained from the cut forage at 150 days of age. The material was ensiled in laboratory silos, and after 180 days, the silos were opened and samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM); soluble carbohydrates (CHOS); hydrogen potential (pH); ammonia nitrogen in percentage of total nitrogen (NNH3/NT); ether extract (EE); crude protein (CP); neutral detergent insoluble protein as a percentage of total nitrogen (NDIP/NT); acid detergent insoluble protein as a percentage of total nitrogen (PIDA/NT); neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); cellulose (CEL); lignin (LIG); neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN); acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM). To assess the effect of the treatments we used a completely randomized design with four replications, running the regression analysis for each variable analyzed (P<0.05). According to the regression equations for the fermentative characteristics, silage can be considered very good quality. As for fiber digestibility of silage, the increasing levels of this coproduct contributed to decrease it, which resulted in higher IVDDM. The parameters analyzed showed that the inclusion of CM in nature with elephant grass silage is recommended at all levels evaluated.

Effect of fibrolytic enzymes added to a Andropogon gayanus grass silage-concentrate diet on rumen fermentation in batch cultures and the artificial rumen (Rusitec).

In vitro batch cultures were used to screen four fibrolytic enzyme mixtures at two dosages added to a 60 : 40 silage : concentrate diet containing the C(4) tropical grass Andropogon gayanus grass ensiled at two maturities - vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stage (FS). Based on these studies, one enzyme mixture was selected to treat the same diets and evaluate its impact on fermentation using an artificial rumen (Rusitec). In vitro batch cultures were conducted as a completely randomized design with two runs, four replicates per run and 12 treatments in a factorial arrangement (four enzyme mixtures×three doses). Enzyme additives (E1, E2, E3 and E4) were commercial products and contained a range of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase activities. Enzymes were added to the complete diet 2 h before incubation at 0, 2 and 4 µl/g of dry matter (DM). Gas production (GP) was measured after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Disappearance of DM (DMD), NDF (NDFD) and ADF (ADFD) were determined after 24 and 48 h. For all four enzyme mixtures, a dosage effect (P>0.05) DM, N, NDF or ADF disappearance after 48 h of incubation nor daily ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids or CH(4) production. However, enzyme application increased (P<0.05) microbial N production in feed particle-associated (loosely-associated) and silage feed particle-bound (firmly associated) fractions. With A. gayanus silage diets, degradation may not be limited by microbial colonization, but rather by the ability of fibrolytic enzymes to degrade plant cell walls within this recalcitrant forage.

Cinética de fermentação ruminal das silagens de três híbridos de milho comerciais em diferentes estádios de maturação / Ruminal fermentation kinetics of corn silages from three commercial hybrids at different maturation stages

Foi avaliada a cinética de fermentação ruminal in vitro de três híbridos comerciais de milho (BRS 1035, BRS 1031 e BRS 1001) colhidos em três estádios de maturidade (pastoso, farináceo e farináceo-duro). Após 96 horas de fermentação, não houve diferença na PCG entre as silagens dos híbridos colhidos nos diferentes estádios de maturidade (P>0,05). O potencial máximo de produção de gases das silagens de todos os híbridos reduziu com o avançar da maturidade da planta, sendo a variação encontrada de 259,3 a 280,0mL/g de matéria seca (MS). Os valores de tempo de colonização variaram de 0h06min a 1h54min. Para as silagens dos híbridos BRS 1035 e BRS 1001, houve aumento no tempo de colonização com o avançar da maturidade da planta. Para as silagens do híbrido BRS 1031, houve aumento dos valores de tempo de colonização quando a planta avançou do estádio pastoso para farináceo, e reduziu quando a maturidade alcançou o estádio farináceo-duro. A taxa fracional de produção de gases "µ" variou entre 0,03mL/h a 0,05mL/h. Com o avançar da maturidade fisiológica, as silagens dos híbridos BRS 1035 e BRS 1001 apresentaram aumento nos valores de µ; já para as silagens do híbrido BRS 1031, os valores de µ aumentaram quando o estádio de maturidade avançou de pastoso para farináceo, e reduziu para farináceo-duro. Os valores das degradabildades efetivas foram superiores para as silagens dos diferentes híbridos colhidas no estádio pastoso. As degradabilidades da MS com o tempo de fermentação de 96 horas variaram de 70,1 a 76,4%. A silagem do híbrido BRS 1035 apresentou melhor valor nutricional quando colhida no estádio pastoso de maturidade. Já a silagem do híbrido BRS 1031 apresentou valor nutricional superior no estádio farináceo, enquanto a silagem do híbrido BRS 1001 apresentou melhor valor nutricional no estádio farináceo-duro.

The in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics of three commercial corn hybrids (BRS 1035, BRS 1031 and BRS 1001) harvested at three maturity stages (soft dough, floury and hard-floury) were evaluated. After 96 hours of fermentation there was no change in the cumulative gas production (GPC) among silages harvested for all hybrids (P>0.05). The silages maximal degradation potential for all hybrids decreased with advanced maturity stages, and ranged from 259.32 to 279.96mL/g of dry matter. The lag values ranged from 0h 06min to 1h 54min. For silages from the BRS 1035 and BRS 1001 hybrids, there was an increase in lag with advancing plant maturity. For silage from the BRS 1031 hybrid, the lag values increase when the plant moved of soft dough stage to floury, and was reduced to hard-floury stage. The fractional rate of gas production µ ranged from 0.0292mL/h to 0.0447mL/h. With advancing physiological maturity stages, the hybrids BRS 1035 and BRS 1001 showed an increase in the µ values, since for silage from the BRS 1031 hybrid, the value of µ increased when the maturity stage progressed from soft dough to floury, and reduced to hard-floury. The values of effective degradability were higher for silages from different hybrids harvested at soft dough. The dry matter degradability (DMD) in the fermentation time of 96 hours ranged from 70.14 to 76.40%. The silage from the BRS 1035 hybrid showed better nutritional value when harvested in the soft dough stage of maturity. The silage from the BRS 1031 hybrid showed highest nutritional value at the floury stage, while the silage from the BRS 1001 hybrid showed better nutritional value in the hard-floury stage.

Degradabilidade ruminal in situ do sorgo grão em diferentes formas de reconstituição / In situ ruminal degradability of sorghum grain in different forms of reconstruction

Foram utilizadas três vacas não lactantes fistuladas no rúmen com o objetivo de determinar os parâmetros de degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e do amido de grãos de sorgo sob diferentes formas de processamento: 1) Seco e moído (2mm); 2) Seco, moído (3mm), reidratado com aspersão de água sobre o material, e imediatamente ensilado por 30 dias; 3) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC e, em seguida, moído a 5mm; 4) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC com aplicação de ar comprimido e, em seguida, moído a 5mm; 5) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC e, em seguida, moído a 5mm, e ensilado por 30 dias; 6) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC com aplicação de ar comprimido, moído a 5mm e ensilado por 30 dias. Os teores de proteína bruta, amido, e fibra em detergente neutro (% da MS) variaram de 9,8 a 10,8%; 59,5 a 67,5%; e de 16,1 a 19,3%, respectivamente. Os teores de umidade nos grãos que foram reidratados variaram de 35,8 a 43,9% da MS. A taxa e a extensão de degradação do amido e a degradabilidade potencial da MS foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre tratamentos. Os grãos de sorgo reidratados com aplicação de ar comprimido, moídos e ensilados (tratamento 6) apresentaram degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS e DE do amido sob taxa de passagem ruminal de 2%/h, semelhantes (P>0,05) às observadas para o tratamento 5 (sem aplicação de ar comprimido), e superiores (P<0,05) às dos demais processamentos. Sob taxas de passagem no rúmen de 5 e 8%/h, as DE do amido estimadas para os grãos processados no tratamento 6 foram superiores (P<0,05) às obtidas para os demais tratamentos. O processamento de reidratação por três dias com aplicação de ar comprimido e ensilagem por trinta dias aumentou a degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca e do amido dos grãos de sorgo, e sua utilização pode ser recomendada para animais em níveis intermediário e elevado de desempenho...

Used three non-lactating cows fistulated in the rumen in order to determine the parameters of in situ ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM) and starch grain sorghum under different forms of processing: 1) Dried and ground (2mm); 2) Dry, crushed (3mm), rehydrated with water spray on the material and immediately ensiled for 30 days, 3) Dry, round, rehydrated for three days in PVC pipe and then crushed to 5mm, 4 ) Dry, full-rehydrated for three days in PVC tube with application of compressed air and then ground to 5mm; 5) Dry, full-rehydrated for three days in PVC pipe and then ground to 5mm, and ensiled for 30 days; 6) Dry, full-rehydrated for three days in PVC tube with application of compressed air, ground to 5mm and ensiled for 30 days. The crude protein, starch, and neutral detergent fiber (% of DM) ranged from 9.8 to 10.8%, 59.5 to 67.5%, and 16.1 to 19.3%, respectively. The moisture in the grains that were rehydrated ranged from 35.8 to 43.9% DM. The rate and extent of starch degradation and the degradability of MS were similar (P>0.05) between treatments. The grain sorghum rehydrated with application of compressed air, ground and ensiled (treatment 6), showed effective degradability (ED) of DM, and DE starch under ruminal passage rate of 2%/h, similar (P>0.05 ) those observed for treating 5 (without application of compressed air) and higher (P<0.05) to the other processing. Under rumen passage rates of 5 and 8%/h, the estimated NDs starch for processed grains in treatment 6 were higher (P<0.05) than those obtained for the other treatments. Processing rehydration for three days with compressed air application and silage for thirty days increased the effective degradability of dry matter and starch grain sorghum, and its use can be recommended for animals in intermediate and high performance...

Use of F57 bags by the semi-automatic in vitro technique of gas production / Uso de sacos F57 pela técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases

Os cadinhos filtrantes (porosidade 1) originalmente usados na técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases estabelecida no Laboratório de Produção de Gases da Escola de Veterinária da UFMG podem ocasionar interferências nos estudos de quantificação da degradação de alimentos, principalmente os ricos em amido, devido à obstrução dos poros da placa filtrante pelo material residual após fermentação. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a substituição dos cadinhos filtrantes por sacos F57 (Ankom(r)) visando a realização de experimentos in vitro para descrição da cinética de fermentação e degradação ruminal. Esta substituição causou a redução do peso/volume da amostra incubada e desta forma, interferiu na relação pressão (P) / volume (V) e consequentemente inviabilizou a utilização de equação previamente estabelecida por Mauricio et al. (2003). Desta forma, objetivou-se neste estudo estabelecer equação para estimar o volume de gases produzidos a partir de dados de P e V obtidos pela fermentação de sorgo forrageiro, incluindo partes da planta e planta inteira, incubados em sacos F57 (Ankom(r)). Foram quantificados 474 dados simultâneos de pressão e volume os quais variaram de 0 a 4.670 psi e os de volume entre 0 e 38mL. A equação relacionando P e V obtida foi: V (mL) = 0.747 (s.e. 0.0733) + 7.23 P (s.e. 0.1165) + 0.101 P2 (s.e. 0.0372), (R2 = 0.99). O desenvolvimento desta equação viabilizou a utilização dos sacos F57 (Ankom(r)) pela na técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases e, portanto permitindo a quantificação dos resíduos da fermentação favorecendo a acurácia dos resultados...

Cinética de degradação in situ das silagens de capim Andropogon gayanus produzidas em três idades de corte / In situ degradation kinetic of Andropogon gayanus grass silages harvested at three stages of maturity

A idade ao corte é considerada o principal fator a afetar o valor nutritivo das forragens. Objetivou-se avaliar e comparar a cinética de degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) das silagens de capim Andropogon gayanus obtidas em três diferentes idades de corte (56, 84 e 112 dias). As amostras das silagens secas e trituradas (5 mm) foram incubadas em sacos de nylon no rúmen por 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h. Os parâmetros da cinética de degradação das silagens de cada tratamento (3 silagens) em cada animal (5 vacas) foram determinados pelo modelo: y = a + b(1 − e −c(t−L)). Os parâmetros gerados pela equação foram analisados como blocos inteiramente ao acaso, sendo que as idades de corte foram inseridas como efeito fixo e os animais como efeito aleatório (blocos). A silagem da planta aos 56 dias de rebrote apresentou maiores (P<0,05) valores de degradabilidade efetiva da MS e da FDN calculada para a taxa de passagem de 2,0%/h. Todas as silagens apresentaram baixa fração solúvel (<25,4%) e degradabilidade efetiva (<40,1%) da proteína bruta com taxa de passagem de 2%. Foi observado maior (P<0,05) tempo de colonização da FDN para as silagens realizadas com as plantas aos 84 e 112 dias de crescimento em comparação com a silagem produzida aos 56 dias. Os resultados da cinética de degradação ruminal das silagens de capim Andropogon gayanus indicam que a planta ensilada aos 56 dias de rebrote apresentou melhor valor nutricional...

Maturity is considered the primary factor affecting the nutritive value of forages. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ruminal degradation kinetics of Andropogon gayanus grass silages harvested at three stages of maturity (56, 84 and 112 d). Dried and ground silage samples (5 mm) were incubated in nylon bags inside the rumen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h to estimate the kinetics of ruminal DM, CP and NDF degradation. The ruminal kinetic parameters of the silages from each treatment (56, 84 and 112 d of regrowth) in each animal (5 cows) were determined by the model: y = a + b(1 − e−c(t−L)). The parameters generated by the model were analyzed as randomized block design, with grass regrowth age as the fixed effect and animal the as random effect (blocks). The grass silage ensiled with 56 days of regrowth had the highest (P<0.05) effective degradability of DM and NDF calculated for fractional rate of particulate passage of 2%/h. All silages had low CP soluble fraction (<25.4%) and effective degradability calculated for fractional rate of particulate passage of 2%/h (<40.1%). A greater (P<0.05) NDF lag time was observed for the silages ensiled with 84 and 112d compared to the silage produced with 56d of regrowth. The ruminal degradation kinetics of Andropogon gayanus grass silages showed that the grass ensiled with 56 days of regrowth had higher nutritional value...

Production, Nutritional Quality and In vitro Methane Production from Andropogon gayanus Grass Harvested at Different Maturities and Preserved as Hay or Silage.

Andropogon gayanus is an important grass due to its high biomass production, drought tolerance and favorable growth on low fertility acidic soils. Currently, there is little research on the impact of growth stage on the nutritional quality or the degree of CH4 production that may arise from this forage during ruminal fermentation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of regrowth stage of A. gayanus on its chemical composition, in vitro production of gas and CH4, as well as in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility when grown under tropical Brazilian conditions and conserved as hay or as silage. The nutritional value of A. gayanus grass declined with increasing maturity; however digestible DM yield linearly increased. After 112 d of regrowth, A. gayanus produced higher quality silage (higher lactate and lower pH and butyrate content) and higher DM yield. However, the low levels of crude protein at this time would make protein supplementation a necessity for proper rumen fermentation. No differences in CH4 kinetic parameters were found with advancing maturity or preservation method (hay or silage).

Valor nutricional de híbridos de sorgo em diferentes estádios de maturação / Nutritional value of hybrids of sorghum in different maturation stages

Avaliaram-se a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro das plantas, folhas, colmos e panículas de três híbridos de sorgo (BRS 610, BR 700 e BRS 655) colhidos em três estádios de maturação (leitoso, pastoso e farináceo). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3x3 (híbridos x estádios de maturação), sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK (P<0,05). Os teores de matéria seca (MS) das plantas variaram de 25,73% a 43,96% e aumentaram com a maturidade. A concentração de proteína bruta (PB) das plantas manteve-se inalterada (P>0,05) entre as idades de corte para todos os híbridos. Os teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA) das plantas não foram influenciados pelo estádio de maturação. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) das plantas do BRS 610 não variaram com a maturidade, mas para o BR 700 e BRS 655 apresentaram redução entre o estádio leitoso e o farináceo. As variações observadas nas porcentagens de MS, PB, FDN, FDA e DIVMS das frações folha, colmo e panícula ocorreram de forma diferente entre os híbridos com o avanço da maturidade. Os híbridos BR 700 e BRS 655 devem ser ensilados no estádio leitoso, enquanto o BRS 610 pode ser colhido nos três estádios de maturação avaliados.

The nutritional value of the plants, leaves, stems and panicles of three hybrids of sorghum (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and flour) were evaluated. A complete randomized design was used in a factorial arrangement 3x3 (hybrids x ages of cut), and the means were compared by SNK (P<0.05). Dry matter contents of the plants varied from 25.73% to 43.96% and increased with maturity. The percentage of crude protein (CP) of the plants remained constant (P>0.05) among cuts for all the hybrids. The values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the plants were not affected by maturation stages. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the plants of BRS 610 didn't change with maturity, but decreased between milk and floury stages for BR 700 and BRS 655. Differences in the percentages of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD of the plant fractions (leaves, steam and panicle) occurred differently among hybrids with the advance of maturity. The hybrids BR 700 and BRS 655 should be ensiled at milk stage, while the BRS 610 can be harvested at the three maturation stages evaluated.

Avaliação nutricional de fenos produzidos com Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina / Nutritional evaluation of hay produced with Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina

Neste estudo, foram utilizados fenos de Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina produzidos em diferentes idades de crescimento (56, 84, 112 e 140 dias) para ensaio de degradabilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DEIVMS), por meio da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases. Os dados de DEIVMS foram utilizados para confecção de equações que foram comparadas pelos testes de paralelismo e identidade de curvas. O teste de paralelismo não demonstrou diferença entre as equações e curvas, ou seja, as diferentes idades apresentaram o mesmo comportamento cinético de degradação. Contudo, pelo teste de identidade de curvas, observou-se que as equações e curvas dos fenos de A. gayanus colhidos com as plantas cortadas aos 56 e 84 dias são idênticas entre si, mas diferentes das demais, ou seja, apresentaram maior DEIVMS. Os fenos de A. gayanus nutricionalmente superiores são obtidos de plantas cortadas nos intervalos de 56 a 84 dias.

In this study Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina hay produced at different ages of growth (56, 84, 112 and 140 days) were used for degradability assay of in vitro dry matter using semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. The data of in vitro dry matter degradation was used for the fabrication of equations and used for parallelism and curve identification comparison tests. The comparison between the A. gayanus hays harvested at different ages of growth by parallelism test showed that degradability in vitro dry matter curves are parallel. The similar curves showed kinetic behavior for in vitro dry matter degradability. When compared, the A. gayanus hays harvested at different ages of growth through the curve identification test, showed that A. gayanus hays harvested between 56 and 84 days are similar and had higher in vitro dry matter degradability. Nutritionally superior A. gayanus hay cut plants are obtained at intervals of 56 to 84 days.

Chemical sensing by differential thermal analysis with a digitally controlled fiber optic interferometer.

In this work the implementation of an optical fiber interferometric system for differential thermal analysis enabling the identification of chemical species is described. The system is based on a white light Mach-Zehnder configuration using pseudo-heterodyne demodulation to interrogate two identical fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) in a differential scheme. System performance is compared using either standard hardware or low cost virtual instrumentation for operation control and signal processing. The operation with the virtual system enabled temperature measurements with a ±0.023 °C resolution nearly matching the performance of the standard hardware. The system ability to discriminate chemical species by differential thermal analysis was demonstrated. Mixed samples of acetone and methanol could be successfully identified, indicating the suitability of the system for high precision measurements using low cost instrumentation.

Quality of life, depression, and psychosocial characteristics of patients awaiting liver transplants.

BACKGROUND: The identification of the psychological issues that impair the quality of life and the adherence to treatment in transplant candidates are important. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the presence of symptoms of depression and the quality of life of liver transplant candidates. METHODS: One hundred liver transplant candidates underwent a psychological analysis using the following instruments: the short form-36 (SF-36) quality of life questionnaire, the Beck depression inventory (BDI), and Structured Interviews for liver transplant candidates. RESULTS: Seventy-three (73%) of the patients were males. Interestingly, 63% of the patients were in a domestic partnership. At the time of the evaluation, 55 patients were not working due to illness, 27 patients were actively working, and 11 patients were retired. Importantly, fears related to the transplant (e.g., fear the surgery and of death) were identified in 38% of the patients. The data from this study demonstrated a significant negative correlation between depressive scores (BDI) and seven of the eight areas of quality of life (SF-36), such as functional capacity (r = .317, P = .0013), social aspects (r = -.469, P < .0001), economic aspects (r = -.319, P = .0012), and mental health (r = -.3832, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: The data indicated that the psychological aspects related to transplants require psychological intervention because they can affect the recuperation process, the quality of life, and the adherence to treatment for potential transplant patients.